Certified Emergency Nurse (CEN) Practice Test 2025 - Free CEN Practice Questions and Study Guide

In the context of hyperkalemia, late signs typically indicate more severe or advanced stages of the condition. Cardiac arrest is one of those signs, as hyperkalemia can lead to significant cardiac conduction abnormalities, which may ultimately result in arrhythmias and potentially cardiac arrest if potassium levels remain dangerously high.

Muscular excitability, fatigue, and muscle cramps are more commonly seen as early signs of hyperkalemia. These symptoms arise due to increased extracellular potassium affecting neuromuscular transmission and muscle cell function. As potassium levels rise, you may initially see muscle twitches or cramps, followed by fatigue as the muscle cells become less responsive.

On the other hand, cardiac arrest represents a critical point where the consequences of hyperkalemia can have life-threatening implications, making it a key indicator of late-stage hyperkalemia. It is vital for emergency nurses to recognize this progression, as timely intervention is crucial to prevent serious outcomes.